A Cryoconite Bibliography

Below is a bibliography of cryoconite literature that may help those looking for material in this field. I will endeavour to regularly update this with omissions and new work! If you are a cryoconite researcher/enthusiast and you notice anything I’ve missed, please let me know so I can make this as complete as possible!

CRYOCONITE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abyzov, S.S. 1993. Microorganisms in Antarctic ice. In Antarctic Microbiology, Friedmann, E.I (ed) Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA: 265-295

Adhikary, S., Nakawo, M., Seko, K., Shakya, B. 2000. Dust influence on the melting process of glacier ice: experimental results from Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. In Nakawo, M., Raymond, C.F. and Fountain, A (eds). Debris-covered glaciers. Proceedings of an International Association of Hydrological Sciences Workshop, Seattle, Wallingford, AHS Publication 264, 43-52

Agassiz, L. 1846. Systeme Glaciere: ou recherches sur les glaciers leur mécanisme, leur ancienne extension et le rôle qu’ils ont joué dans l’histoire de la terre. Paris, Victor Masson

Ahlmann, H.W. 1942. Researches on snow and ice. The Geographical Journal, 107 (1-2): 11-25

Anesio, A.M., Laybourn-Parry, J. 2011. Glaciers and ice sheets as a biome. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 27 (4): 219-225

Anesio, A.M., Mindl, B., Laybourn-Parry, J., Hodson, A.J., Sattler, B. 2007. Viral dynamics in cryoconite on a high Arctic glacier (Svalbard). Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (G4): G04S31

Anesio, A.M., Hodson, A.J., Fritz, A., Psenner, R., Sattler, B. 2009. High microbial activity on glaciers: importance to the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology, 15(4): 955-960

Anesio, A.M., and 6 others. 2010. Carbon fluxes through bacterial communities on glacier surfaces. Annals of Glaciology, 51 (56): 32-40

Anesio, A.M., Sattler, B., Foreman, C., Telling, J., Hodson, A., Tranter, M., Psenner, R. 2010. Carbon fluxes through bacterial communities on glacier surfaces. Annals of Glaciology, 51 (56): 32-40

Aoki, T., Kuchiki, K., Niwano, M., Matoba, S., Uetake, J. 2013. Numerical simulation of spectral albedos of glacier surfaces covered with glacial microbes in Northwestern Greenland. Radiation Processes in the Atmosphere and Ocean, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1531, 176-179

Arbona, V., Argamasilla, R., Gomez-Cadenas, A. 2010. Common and divergent physiological, hormonal and metabolic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella halophila to water and salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167: 1342-1350

Bagshaw, E.A., Tranter, M., Fountain, A.G., Welch, K.A., Basagic, H., Lyons, W.B. 2007. Biogeochemical evolution of cryoconite holes on Canada Glacier, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Journal of geophysical Research, 112 (G04S32), doi: 10.1029/2006JG000350

Bagshaw, E.A., Tranter, M., Fountain, A.G., Welch, K., Basagic, H.J., Lyons, W.B. 2013. Do cryoconite holes have the potential to be significant sources of C, N and P to downstream depauperate ecosystems of Taylor Valley, Antarctica? Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 45 (4): 1-15

Barkstrom, B.R. 1972. Some effects of multiple scattering on the distribution of solar radiation in snow and ice. Journal of Glaciology, 11 (63): 357-368

Battin, T.J., Wille, A., Sattler, B., Psenner, R. 2001. Phylogenetic and functional heterogeneity of sediment biofilms along environmental gradients in a glacial stream, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 799 – 807.

Bayley, W.S. 1891. Mineralogy and Petrography. The American Naturalist, 25 (290): 138-146

Bellas, C., Anesio, A.M. 2013. High diversity and potential origins of T4-type bacteriophages on the surface of Arctic glaciers. Extremophiles,17: 861-870

Bellas, C.M., Anesio, A.M.B., Telling, J., Stibal, M., Tranter, M., Davis, S.A. 2013. Viral impacts on bacterial communities in Arctic cryoconite. Environmental Research Letters, vol 8.

Bøggild, C.F. 2011. Modeling the temporal glacier ice surface albedo based on observations of aerosol accumulation. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract #C41F-04

Bøggild, C.F., Brandt, R.E., Brown, K.J., Warren, S.G. 2010. The ablation zone in northeast Greenland: ice types, albedos and impurities. Journal of Glaciology, 56: 101-113

Bolsenga, S.J. 1977. Preliminary observations on the daily variation of ice albedo. Journal of Glaciology, 18 (80): 517-521

Bowman,  J.P., McCammon, S.A., Brown, M,., Nichols, D.S., McMeekin, T.A. 1997. Diversity and association of psychrophilic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (8): 3068-3078

Box, J.E., Fettweis, X., Stroeve, J.C., Tedesco, M., Hall, D.K., Streffen, K. 2012. Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers. The Cryosphere, 6: 821-839

Brandt, B. 1931. Uber kryokonit in der Magdalenenbucht in Spitsbergen. Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde, 19 (1-3): 125-126

Brandt, R.E., Warren, S.G.1993. Solar-heating rates and temperature profiles in Antarctic snow and ice, Journal of Glaciology, 39: 9910

Brochu, M. 1975. Les trous a cryoconite du glacier Gillman (nord de l’ile d’Ellesmere). Polarforschrung, 45 (1): 32-44

Brunetti, C., George, R.M., Tattini, M., Field, K., Davey, M.P. 2013. Metabolomics in plant environmental physiology. Journal of Experimental Botany, doi:10.1093/jxb/ert244

Buhlmann, E. 2011. Influence of particulate matter on observed albedo reductions on Plaine Morte glacier, Swiss Alps. MSc Thesis, University of Bern, 2011

Bryce, D. 1897. Contributions to the non-marine fauna of Spitsbergen – Part II. Report on the Rotifera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897: 793 – 799

Bryce, D. 1922. On some Rotifera from Spitsbergen. The Oxford University Expedition to Spitsbergen, 1921. Report 16. J. Quekett microscopy club, Series 2, 14 (88): 305-332

Cameron, K., Hodson, A.J., Osborn, M. 2012. Carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycling potentials of supraglacial cryoconite communities. Polar Biology, 35: 1375-1393

Cameron, K. a, Hodson, A. J., & Osborn, a M. (2012). Structure and diversity of bacterial, eukaryotic and archaeal communities in glacial cryoconite holes from the Arctic and the Antarctic. FEMS microbiology ecology, 82(2), 254–67. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01277.x

Cameron, R.E. 1972. Farthest south algae and associated bacteria. phycologia, 11: 133-139

Cameron, R.E., Devaney, J.R. 1970. Antarctic soil algal crust: scanning electron and optical microscope study. Transactions of the American Microscopy Society, 89: 264-273

Carlson, C.A., Bates, N.R., Ducklow, H.W., Hansell, D.A. 1999. Estimation of bacterial respiration and growth efficiency in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 19 (3): 229-244

Canfield, D.E., Green, W.J. 1985. The cycling of nutrients in a closed-basin Antarctic lake. Lake Vanda. Biogeochemistry, 1: 233-256

Castello, J.D., Rogers, S.O., Starmer, W.T., Catranis, C.M., Ma, L., Bachand, G.D., Zhao, Y., Smith, J.E. 1999. Detection of tomato mosaic tobamovirus RNA in ancient glacial ice. Polar Biology, 22:207-212.

Chandler, D. M., Alcock, A.D., Wadham, J.L., Mackie, S.L., Telling, J. Seasonal changes of ice surface characteristics and productivity in the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere Discuss., 8, 1337–1382, 2014
http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/8/1337/2014/

Charlesworth, J.K. 1957. the quaternary era. London, Edward Arnold, 1: 60pp

Cho, S.M., Kang, B.R., Han, S.H., Anderson, A.J., Park, J-Y, Lee, Y-H, Cho, B.H., Yang, K-Y, Ryu, C-M, Kim, Y.C. 2008. 2R,3R-butanediol, a bacterial volatile produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, is involved in induction of systemic tolerance to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 21, 1067-1075.

Christner, B.C., Kvitko, B.H., Reeve, J.N. 2003. Molecular identification of bacteria and eukarya inhabiting an Antarctic cryoconite hole. Extremophiles, 7: 177-183

Cook, J. 2012. Microbially mediated carbon fluxes on the surface of glaciers and ice sheets. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 30th August, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/2882

Cook, J., Hodson, A., Telling, J., Anesio, A., Irvine-Fynn, T, Bellas, C. 2010. The mass-area relationship within cryoconite holes and its implications for primary production. Annals of Glaciology, 51 (56): 106-110

Cook, J.M., Hodson, A.J., Anesio, A.M., Hanna, E., Yallop, M., Stibal, M., Telling, J., Huybrechts, P. 2012. An improved estimate of microbially mediated carbon fluxes from the Greenland ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology, 58 (212): 1098-1108

Cutler, P.M., Munro, D.S. 1996. Visible and near infra-red reflectivity during the ablation period on Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada, Journal of Glaciology, 42: 333-340

Dancer, S.J., Shears, P., Platt, D.J. 1997.  Isolation and characterization of coliforms from

glacial ice and water in Canada’s high Arctic.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 82:597-609

Dastych, H., Kraus, H., Thaler, K. 2003. Redescription and notes on the biology of the glacier tardigrada Hypsibius klebelsbergi Mihelcic, 1959 (Tardigrada), based on material from the Otzal Alps, Austria. Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst, 100: 73-100

DeSmet, W.H. 1988. Rotifers from Bjornoya (Svalbard) with the description of Cephalodella evabroedi n. sp. And Synchaeta lakowitziana arctica n. subsp. Fauna norv. Series A, 9: 1-18

DeSmet, W.H. 1990. Notes on the monogonont rotifers from submerged mosses collected on Hopen (Svalbard). Fauna norv. Series A, 11: 1-8

DeSmet, W.H. 1993. Report on rotifers from Barentsoya, Svalbard (78’30’N). Fauna norv. Series A, 14: 1-26

DeSmet, W.H., Van Rompu, E.A., Beyens, L. 1988. Contribution to the rotifers and aquatic Tardigrada of Edgeoya (Svalbard). Fauna norv. Series A, 9: 19-30

Drygalski, E. von. 1897. Die Kryokonitlocher. Gronland-expedition der Gesellschaftfur Erdkunde zu Berlin 1891-1893, Bd 1: 93-103

Dyson, J.L. 1963. The world of ice. Crescent Press, London, pp.292

Edwards, A., and 7 others. 2011. Possible interactions between bacterial diversity, microbial activity and supraglacial hydrology of cryoconite holes in Svalbard. ISME Journal, 51 (1): 150-160

Edwards, A., Rassner, S.M., Anesio, A.M., Worgan, H.J., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Williams, H.W., Sattler, B., Griffith, G.W. 2013a. Contrasts between the cryoconite and ice marginal bacterial communities of Svalbard glaciers. Polar Research, 32: 19468

Edwards, A., Douglas, B., Anesio, A., Rassner, S.M., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Sattler, B., Griffith, G.W. 2013b. A distinctive fungal community inhabiting cryoconite holes on glaciers in Svalbard. Fungal Ecology, 6: 168-176

Edwards, A., Pachebat, J.A., Swain, M., Hegarty, M., Hodson, A., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Rassner, S.M., Sattler, B. 2013c. A metagenomic snapshot of taxonomic and functional diversity in an alpine glacier cryoconite ecosystem. Environmental Research Letters, 8 (035003): 11pp

Edwards, A., Mur, L., Girdwood, S., Anesio, A., Stibal, M., Rassner, S., Hell, K., Pachebat, J., Post, B., Bussell, J., Cameron, S., Griffith, G., Hodson, A. 2014. Coupled cryoconite ecosystem structure-function relationships are revealed by comparing bacterial communities in Alpine and Arctic glaciers. FEMS Microbial Ecology, in press

Edwards, A.E., Irvine-Fynn, T., Mitchell, A.C., Rassner, S.M.E. 2014. A germ theory for glacial systems? WIREs Water 2014, doi: 10.1002/wat2.1029

Etienne, E. 1940. Expeditionsbericht der Gronland-Expedition der Universitat Oxford 1938. Veroff. Des Geophys. Inst. Der Univ. Leipzig, Series II, 8 (reviewed by Ahlmann, H.W. 1940, Geografiska Annaler, 24: 23-50)

Fogg, G.E. 1967. Observations on the snow algae of the South Orkney Islands. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society London, B Biological Sciences, 252: 279-287

Fogg, G.E. 1998. The Biology of Polar Habitats, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Foreman, C.M., Sattler, B., Mikuchi, J.A., Porazinska, D.L., Priscu, J.C. 2007. Metabolic activity and diversity of cryoconites in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Aquatic Geochemistry, 10: 239-268

Fountain, A.G., Dana, G.L., Lewis, K.J., Vaughn, B.H., McKnight, D. 1998. Glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In Priscu, J.C. (ed) Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica. 72: 65-75, AGU, Washington DC.

Fountain, A.G., Lyons, W.B., Burkins, M.B., Dana, G.L., Doran, P.T., Lewis, K.J., McKnight, D.M., Moorhead, D.L., Parsons, A.N.,  Priscu, J.C., Wall, D.H., Wharton, R.A., Virginia, R.A. 1999. Physical controls on the Taylor Valley ecosystem, Antarctica. Bioscience, 49 (12): 961-971

Fountain, A.G., Tranter, M., Nylen, T.H., Lewis, K.J., Meuller, D.R. 2004. Evolution of cryoconite holes and their contribution to melt-water runoff from glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In Priscu, J.C. (ed) Ecosystem dynamcs in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 323-335

Fountain, A.G., Nylen, T.H., Tranter, M., Bagshaw, E. 2008. Temporal variations in physical and chemical features of cryoconite holes on Canada Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 50: 35-45

Franzmann, P.D. 1996. Examination of Antarctic prokaryotic diversity through molecular comparisons. Biodiversity Conservation, 5: 1295-1305

Franzmann, P.D., Liu, Y., Balkwill, D.L., Aldrich, H.C., Conway de Marcario, E., Boone, D.R. 1997. Methanogenium frigidum sp. nov., a psychrophilic, H2-using methanogen from Ace Lake, Antarctica. Int. J.  Sys. Bacteriol. 47: 1068-1072.

Freitag, S., Hogan, E.J., Crittenden, P.D., Allison, G.G., Thain, S.C. 2011. Alterations in the metabolic fingerprint of Cladonia portentosa in response to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Physiologia Plantarum, 143 (2): 107-114

Fritsch, F.E. 1917. Freshwater algae. British Antarctic (“Terra Nova”) Expedition, 1910, Natural History Report. British Museum (Natural History): 1 – 16

Fritsen, C.H., Priscu. J.C. 1998. Cyanobacterial assemblages in permanently ice covers on Antarctic lakes: distribution, growth rate, and temperature response of photosynthesis. J. Phycol. 34:587-597.

Fuhrman, J.A., Azam, F. 1980. Bacterioplankton secondary production estimates for coastal waters of British Colombia, Antarctica, and California. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 39 (6): 1085-1095

Fujii, Y. 1977. Field experiment on glacier ablation under a layer of debris cover. Japanese Society of Snow and Ice (Seppyo), 39 (special issue): 20-21

Gajda, R.T. 1958. Cryoconite phenomena on the Greenland ice cap in the Thule area. The Canadian Geographer, 3 (12): 35-44

Garrett, T.J., Verzella, L.L. An evolving history of Arctic aerosols. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89 (3): 299 – 302

Garric, R.K. 1965. The cryoflora of the pacific northwest. American Journal of Botany, 52: 1-8

Geiger, R. 1961. Das klima der bodennahen luftschicht. Vierte Auflage. Braunsweig, Freidrich Vieweg. Translated as: The climate near the ground. Translated by Scripta Technica, Inc. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1965

Gerdel, R.W., Drouet, F. 1960. The cryoconite of the Thule area, Greenland. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 79 (3): 256-272

Gibson, M. 2013. A quantitative investigation into the influence of cryocontie distribution and spatial extent on glacier surface albedo. MSc Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2013

Goelles, T., Boggild, C.E. 2015. Albedo reduction caused by black carbon and dust accumulation: a quantitative model applied to the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere Discuss., 9, 1345–1381, 2015 www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/9/1345/2015/

Graham-Watson, I. 1977. Cryoconite distribution and development on the Gorner glacier. B.A. thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK

Gribbon, P.W. 1979. Cryoconite holes on Sermikaysak, West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 22: 177-181

Grρngaard A., P.J.A. Pugh, and S.J. McInnes. 1999. Tardigrades, and other cryoconite biota on the Greenland ice sheet. Zoologischer Anzeiger (Germany) 238:211-214.

Hallbeck, L. 2009. Microbial processes in glaciers and permafrost: a literature study on microbiology affecting groundwater at ice sheet melting. Microbial Analytics Sweden AB, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Management Co. October 2009

Hell, K., Edwards, A., Zarsky, J., et al. 2013. The dynamic bacterial communities of a melting High Arctic glacier snowpack. ISME Journal, 7: 1814-1826.

Hittson, T. 2010. Cryoconite evolution and formation on an Arctic glacier surface: a case study and model. MSc Thesis, University Centre in Svalbard

Hobbs, H. 1910. Characteristics of inland-ice of the Arctic regions. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 49 (194): 57-129

Hodson, A.J. 2014. Understanding the dynamics of black carbon and associated contaminants in glacial systems. WIREs Water 2014, 1: 141-149.

Hodson, A.J., Tranter, M. 1999. Contemporary CO2 drawdown by glacial meltwater fluxes from high Arctic Svalbard, Interactions Between the Cryosphere, Climate and Greenhouse Gases (Proceedings of the IUGG 99 Symposium HS2, Birmingham, July 1999). IAHS Publ. 256, 1999

Hodson, A.J., Mumford, P.N., Kohler, J., Wynn, P.M. 2005. The High Arctic glacial ecosystem: new insights from nutrient budgets. Biogeochemistry, 72: 233-256

Hodson, A.J., and 10 others. 2007. A glacier respires: quantifying the distribution and respiration CO2 flux of cryoconite across Arctic supraglacial ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (G4): G04S36

Hodson, A., Anesio, A.M., Tranter, M., Fountain, A., Osborn, M., Priscu, J., Laybourn-Parry, J., Sattler, B. 2008. Glacial Ecosystems. Ecological monographs, 78 (1): 41-67

Hodson, A., Cameron, K., Boggild, C., Irvine-Fynn. T., Langford, H., Pearce, D., Banwart, S. 2010a. The structure, biological activity and biogeochemistry of cryoconite aggregates upon an Arctic valley glacier: Longyearbreen, Svalbard. Journal of Glaciology, 56 (196): 349-362

Hodson, A.J., Boggild, C., Hanna, E., Huybrechts, P., Langford, H., Cameron, K., Houldsworth, A. 2010b. The cryoconite ecosystem on the Greenland ice sheet. Annals of Glaciology, 51 (56): 123-129

Hodson, A.J., Roberts, T.J., Engvall, A-C., Holmen, K., Mumford, P. 2010c. Glacier ecosystem response to episodic nitrogen enrichment in Svalbard, European High Arctic. Biogeochemistry, 98: 171-184

Hodson, A., Paterson, H., Westwood, K., Cameron, K., Laybourn-Parry, J. 2013. A blue-ice ecosystem on the margins of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology, 59 (214): 255-268

Hoffman, P.F., Schrag, D.P. 2000. Snowball Earth. Scientific American, 282: 68-75

Hoffman, P.F., Schrag, D.P. 2002. The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change. Terra Nova, 14: 129-155

Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., Schrag, D.P. 1998. A Neoporterozoic snowball Earth. Science, 281: 1342-46

Hoffman, M.J., Fountain,m A.G., Liston, G.E. 2014. Near-surface internal melting: a substantial mass loss on Antarctic Dry Valley glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 60 (220): 361-374

Hoham, R.W. 1976. The effect of coniferous litter and different snow meltwaters upon the growth of two species of snow algae in axigenic culture. Arctic and Alpine Research, 8: 377-386

Hoham, R.W. 1980. Unicellular chlorophytes – snow algae. In: Cox, E.R (ed). Phyoflagellates. New York: Elsevier, North Holland, 61-84

Hoham, R.W., Blinn, D.W. 1979. Distribution of cryophilic algae in an arid region, the American Southwest. Phycologia, 18: 133-145

Hoham, R.W., Roemer, S.C. 1979. The life history and ecology of the snow algae Chloromonas brevispina comb. Nov. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales). Phycologia18: 55-70

Howard-Williams, C., Vincent,W.F. 1989. Microbial communities in southern Victoria Land streams (Antarctica) I. Photosynthesis. Hydrobiologia, 172: 27-38, 1989.

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Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Bridge, J.W., Hodson, A.J. 2011. In situ quantification of supraglacial cryoconite morphodynamics using time lapse imaging: an example from Svalbard. Journal of Glaciology, 57 (204): 651-657

Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Edwards, A., Newton, S., Langford, H., Rassner, S.M., Telling, J., Anesio, A.M., Hodson, A.J. 2012. Microbial cell budgets of an Arctic glacier surface quantified using flow cytometry. Environmental Microbiology, 14 (11): 2998-3012

Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Edwards, A. 2013. A frozen asset: the potential of flow cytometry in constraining the glacial biome. Cytometry, Part A, Communication to the Editor, international Society for Dvancement of Cytometry, doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22411

Jannsens, I., Huybrechts, P. 2000. The treatment of meltwater retardation in mass balance parameterizations of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Annals of Glaciology, 31: 133-140

Jepsen, S.M., E.E. Adams and J.C. Priscu. 2010. Sediment Melt-Migration Dynamics in Perennial Antarctic Lake Ice. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 42: 57-66.

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Jones, H.G. 1999. The ecology of snow-covered systems: a brief overview of nutrient cycling and life in the cold, Hydrological Processes, 13, 2135 – 2147.11

Jorgenson, D., Sorlin, S. 2013. Northscapes: History, technology and the making of northern environments. UBC Press, 2013

Kayastha, R.B., Takeuchi, Y., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y. 2000. Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor. In: Nakawo, M., Raymond, C.F., Fountain, A. (eds): Debris-Covered Glaciers . Proceedings of the Seattle Workshop, September 2000. IAHS Publ. no. 264

Kayser, 1928. The inland ice in Greenland. Copenhagen, 1: 381-384

Kim, S.J., Shin, S.C., Hong, S.G. 2012. Genome Sequence of Janthinobacterium sp. Strain PAMC 25724, Isolated from Alpine Glacier Cryoconite. Journal of Bacteriology, 194: 2096

Kohshima, S., 1984a. A novel, cold tolerant insect found in a Himalayan glacier. Nature, 310: 225-227

Kohshima, S. 1984b. Living micro-plants in the dirt layer dust of Yala glacier. In: Higuchi, K (ed): Glacial studies in Langtang Valley. Nagoya: Data Centre for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Office, 91-97

Kohshima, S. 1985. Patagonian glaciers and insect habitats. In: Nakajima, C (ed): Glaciological Studies in Patagonian Northern Icefield, Data Centre for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Publ. 3: 94-99

Kohshima, S. 1987a. Glacial biology and biotic communities. In: Kawano. S., Connell, J.H., Hidaka, T. (eds), Evolution and Coadaptation in Biotic Communities, Faculty of Science, Kyoto university, 77-92

Kohshima, S. 1987b. Formation of dirt layers and surface dust by micro-plant growth in Yala (Dakspatsen) Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 5: 63-68

Kohshima, S. 1989. Glaciological importance of micro-organisms in the surface mud-like materials and dirt layer particles of the Chongce Ice Cap and Gohza Glacier, West Kunlun Mountain, China. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 7: 59-66

Kohshima, S., Seko, K., Yoshimura, Y. 1993. Biotic acceleration of glacier melting in Yala Glacier, Langtang region, Nepal Himalaya. IAHS Publication 218 (Symposium at Kathmandu 1992 – Snow and Glacier Hydrology): 309 – 316

Kohshima, S., Yoshimura, Y., Seko, K., Ohata, T. 1994. Albedo reduction by biotic impurities on a perennial snow patch in the Japan alps. Snow and Ice Covers: Interactions with the Atmosphere and Ecosystems (Proceedings of the Yokohama Symposia, J2 and J5, July 1993. IAHS Publ. 223

Kol, E. 1941. The green snow of Yellowstone National Park. American Journal of Botany, 28: 185-191

Kol, E. 1942. The snow and ice algae of Alaska. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 101: 1-36

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Kol, E., Eurola, S. 1974. Red snow algae from Spitsbergen. Astarte, 7: 61-66

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